< Previous50 PERSPECTIVESVOLUME 46, NUMBER 3 INFORMATION PROCESSING MATTERS 2018). Focusing on issues that are less directly predictive of re-offending (e.g., psychopathology, low intellectual functioning) without incorporating criminogenic needs is a common oversight by correctional service providers (Bewley & Morgan, 2011) that may be costly and counterproductive (Romani et al., 2012). Instead, we suggest addressing intersectionality and its consequences within RNR- informed treatments (e.g., Changing Lives, Changing Outcomes [CLCO]; Morgan et al., 2018; Thinking for a Change [T4C]; Bush et al., 1997). This could involve program facilitators initiating open discussions or developing exercises that help people explore the presence and internalization of justice involvement on their identity formation, clarifying what it is like for them to navigate the world as a justice-involved person with other marginalized identities. Individuals’ attitudes and how they navigate community supervision likely depends on their previous experiences on supervision or while in treatment (including repeated/multiplied experiences of stigma and discrimination), how long they have been justice-involved, and various personal and situational factors. Creating space alongside criminogenic interventions for intersectionality-focused conversations and activities may disrupt correctional staff’s preexisting expectations about the people under their supervision that would otherwise maintain systemic oppression while giving their supervisees an opportunity to process and learn from their experiences. Agency staff who facilitate programs or who refer individuals to community service providers should also think about whether certain content areas or applications of content warrant modification. For example, a common intervention tool in cognitive- behavioral treatments (CBT) like T4C is cognitive restructuring, which teaches people to identify, evaluate, and alter inaccurate thought processes that lead to negative outcomes. However, some apparent distortions in thinking (e.g., “cops are racist”) may, in fact, reflect an individual’s reality or serve as a survival strategy. It may be invalidating and ineffective for the facilitator to try quashing such a thought, even if the thought was used to justify a poor behavioral response (e.g., fleeing the scene of a crime). Elements of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT; Hayes et al., 2012), a third-wave CBT approach, may be helpful in diffusing or distancing people from thoughts that, while true for them, are ultimately not beneficial. The goal of ACT is not to eliminate these thoughts but to find ways to live with them, work around them, and/or channel them in more productive ways (e.g., by advocating for policy change, becoming a peer support specialist). Broader Strategies to Reduce the Impact of Intersectionality In this final section, we summarize other ways community supervision agencies can prevent the consequences of intersectionality and promote equitable treatment. Again, this is not an exhaustive list, and more details can be found in Batastini et al. (2022). Promote and encourage person-oriented language. The field is changing its expectations for how people involved in the criminal legal system are described (Godvin & West, 2020; Jordan, 2021). With the understanding that accepted terminology is fluid, current alternatives may include: “justice-involved,” “adult in-custody,” “returning resident,” or “persons with sexual offense histories.” The goal of modifying how we talk about people is not to diminish harms they may have caused, but to emphasize they are multifaceted and capable of growth. Data tracking and program evaluation. Community supervision departments are encouraged to expand the types of demographic variables collected and maintained in their case management databases (e.g., gender and sexual identity, income level, and disability status). These variables, in conjunction with systematic evaluation efforts such as objective measures of change and qualitative feedback, may give departments more insight into how individuals’ experiences on supervision and ability to complete supervision requirements vary as a function of their identity composition. In keeping with the spirit of intersectionality, these outcomes should then be used to abolish and replace inequitable practices (Buchanan & Wiklund, 2020). Recognizing and addressing staff burnout. Correctional providers experience heightened levels of burnout compared to employees in other clinical settings (Isenhardt & Hostettler, 2020; Senter et al., 2010). Burnout can translate to increased irritability 51 AMERICAN PROBATION AND PAROLE ASSOCIATION INFORMATION PROCESSING MATTERS with clients and less desire to be present with clients (Yang & Hayes, 2020). Reduced acuity and engagement may mean decreased ability to identify and attend to issues of intersectionality. Staff with intersecting identities may also be more vulnerable to burnout due to their own experiences of oppression, as in working with people who share one or more marginalized identities they may be continually witnessing discriminatory treatment of people who look like them. Recruitment, Retention, and Training. We recommend that supervision departments develop specific equity and inclusion initiatives to recruit and retain staff with diverse and intersecting identities. Not only would these initiatives have the potential to reduce burnout among current staff with marginalized identities, but they would also increase representation in procedural, policy, and practice decisions. Training programs for supervision staff should include activities related to intersectionality—perhaps simply having discussions about how expectations of working with people on probation or parole can fuel oppressive treatment, or perhaps engaging in role-playing to practice the use of intersectionality dialogue in risk assessment, treatment exercises, and interactions with colleagues. A more informed and skilled staff is also likely to bolster workplace morale and reduce turnover. Although staff play a key role in dismantling oppressive structures that impact themselves, their colleagues, and the people they supervise, we acknowledge the need to also take a harder look at broader departmental policies and workplace culture that pose challenges for these efforts. Conclusion Taking a more holistic approach to assessing and treating individuals helps identify specific pathways to crime, including what choices (if any) were available across decision points or unavailable due to structural limitations. Balancing discussions about the role of unjust systems with those that address personal choice and accountability is likely to generate positive perceptions of treatment, inform clearer individualized goals, and increase motivation for change (PettyJohn et al., 2020). We hope this brief article has persuaded community supervision staff and departments to be more intentional about understanding and mitigating supervisees’ compounded experiences of discrimination. 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B., & DeLapp, R. C. T. (2018). Assessing racial trauma with the Trauma Symptoms of Discrimination Scale. Psychology of Wooldredge, J. (2012). Distinguishing race effects on pre-trial release and sentencing decisions. Justice Wooldredge, J., Frank, J., Goulette, N., & Travis, L. (2015). Is the impact of cumulative disadvantage on sentencing greater for Black defendants? Criminology Yang, Y., & Hayes, J. A. (2020). Causes and consequences of burnout among mental health professionals: A practice-oriented review of recent empirical literature. Psychotherapy, 57(3), 426–436. Author Bio Dr. Ashley Batastini is a first-generation college graduate, cisgender, White woman who earned her Ph.D. in counseling psychology in 2015 and is a tenure- track Assistant Professor. Ashley C. T. Jones is a first- generation college graduate, cisgender, White woman. Sarah M. Pringer is a first-generation college graduate, cisgender, mixed race/ethnicity (White and Filipino- American) woman. Meera Patel is a cisgender, second- generation Indian-American woman. Ms. Jones, Pringer, and Patel are counseling psychology doctoral students under the advisement and mentorship of Dr. Batastini. All authors are dedicated to efficacious, culturally informed, and humane care of people who are in contact with the criminal justice system. Communication regarding this manuscript can be directed to Ashley B. Batastini, Ph.D., Counseling, Educational Psychology & Research, 100 Ball Hall, Memphis, TN Next >