< Previous40 PERSPECTIVESVOLUME 49, NUMBER 1 populations in SJC sites found that the proportion of the average daily jail population accounted for by people with a probation violation (either alone or coupled with a new offense) ranged from 9% to 51% (Roth et al., 2021). This analysis also found that the median length of stay for people in jail for probation violations was substantially longer than that for others in jail. STRATEGIES IMPLEMENTED BY SELECT SITES TO REDUCE PROBATION-RELATED JAIL USE Sites nationwide have implemented a variety of strategies to limit jail use for people on probation. In this section, we highlight five examples of strategies used by sites to limit probation-related jail use that were shared as part of the peer learning engagement fostered through the Network. Some sites implemented strategies to divert people on probation from jail, while others attempted to reduce the length of probation-related jail stays. Some employed strategies that apply to the entire probation population, whereas other sites’ approaches were targeted at certain subsets, such as those who had warrants for absconding or those with mental health or substance use issues. All the examples highlight the importance of probation leaders partnering with other local stakeholders, such as the courts, law enforcement, jail authorities, prosecutors and defense attorneys, and community-based service providers. WARRANT RESOLUTION PROGRAM FOR PEOPLE WHO ARE ABSCONDING (PIMA COUNTY, ARIZONA) Pima County, Arizona, launched an innovative felony arrest warrant resolution program called Clear My Warrant in 2022. The program was based on the premise that it is better for public safety to have people engage with probation and receive services than be disengaged. It aims to bring people who have absconded while on probation back in compliance without facing arrest or serving jail time (Arizona Superior Court in Pima County, 2022). The program is part of efforts to instigate a culture shift among probation officers to use more non-carceral responses to respond to probation violations, particularly for absconding–a pressing issue for the County’s probation population. The program allows individuals on probation who have a warrant for absconding to contact the Adult Probation Department via a dedicated phone line and have their warrants lifted and original probation sentences restored without any court hearings or jail time. This phone line is staffed by probation officers or other probation staff who establish an individual’s eligibility once they call (McCoy & Lima, 2024). Those convicted of certain violent crimes (e.g., domestic violence and sex offenses), those who have new felony charges pending, those on parole, and those wanted on additional warrants are not eligible for the program (Arizona Superior Court in Pima County, 2022; McCoy and Lima, 2024). For those deemed eligible for program participation, once they sign a form to waive their right to a hearing, the probation department files a petition to the criminal bench judges to cancel the arrest warrant and reinstate them on probation, with the stipulation that the time they spent absconding probation does not count towards their term (McCoy & Lima, 2024). Not only does this approach enable people to avoid jail time and court appearances, but it also saves officers’ and court officials’ time. One key aspect of this strategy’s rollout was that probation leadership framed it as a public safety initiative, making the case that it was better for public safety if people on probation stayed engaged with services and probation personnel. They also secured buy-in from local stakeholders, such as judges, before approaching probation staff, given that leadership expected some resistance to the idea of warrant resolution without jail booking. Further, the department also received funding to advertise the program through social media, posters at bus stops, treatment facilities, and employment centers, and postcards were sent to relatives of people who had absconded. Between August 2022 and December 2023, the probation department received 650 calls on the Clear My Warrant program’s designated phone line, of which 30% led to interviews to determine eligibility for probation reinstatement. Some people who reached out did not have active warrants while others had new pending felony charges and were deemed ineligible. Probation staff checked for voicemail on the helpline several times daily and returned calls. Overall, 50 people were deemed eligible and had their probation successfully reinstated without court appearances or jail time during this period (McCoy & Lima, 2024). As of late 2024, the department considers the program to be sustainable with minimal funding, and it remains in operation. 7.20-26 2025 ON-CALL PROBATION OFFICERS (SANTA CLARA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA) Santa Clara County, California, launched an on-call probation officer program in the summer of 2020 to reduce unnecessary jail holds for people on probation, partly to mitigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The program allowed probation officers to participate voluntarily and receive a $30 stipend for being on call throughout the night (however, it is unclear what happened if there was no voluntary on-call probation officer). This approach mirrored the one implemented for on-call juvenile probation officers in the county that had been in place for many years. The program enabled law enforcement as well as jail authorities to reach out to the on-call probation officer at the time of arrest to check whether a person needed to be detained and consult the probation officer about the person’s probation status, compliance with probation conditions, and whether the arrest-related activity was part of a pattern and/or related to the original offense. The outcome of this consultation with the probation officer could still be that the person was jailed, but it could also result in the probation officer using a non- custodial response. The program had buy-in from the District Attorney, Public Defender’s Office, and the County Superior Court. On average, as of late 2022 the probation agency was receiving around 80 calls a month from law enforcement and the county jail regarding placing holds on people. However, due to budgetary constraints and the lifting of pandemic-related restrictions, this program was terminated in March 2024. CRISIS RECEIVING/JAIL DIVERSION CENTER (WEST TEXAS CENTERS AND PARTNER COUNTIES, TEXAS) The West Texas Centers, a community-based behavioral health organization operating in the western parts of Texas, partnered with multiple counties in the region to establish a Crisis Receiving/Jail Diversion (CR/JD) Center. The facility was set up using state and federal government grants and began operations in September 2023. The overall aim is to divert people away from jail, especially those with outstanding misdemeanor warrants and behavioral health and substance use-related needs that might be better addressed in the community–a group 42 PERSPECTIVESVOLUME 49, NUMBER 1 that overlaps significantly with the area’s probation population. The Center was created through the work of the Jail Diversion Committee, a collaborative effort between West Texas Centers and local stakeholders (such as judges, hospital representatives, and peer workers with lived experience) and key staff from Sheriffs’ offices, county jails, and probation departments in the region. This effort was informed by a Sequential Intercept Model (SIM) mapping exercise, whereby local stakeholders can map resources, gaps, and areas for potential opportunities to intervene or divert people with mental health and substance use disorders away from the criminal justice system and towards treatment (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2024). This is done by bringing together a diverse set of stakeholders to create a strategic plan to address these issues across the various stages or “intercepts” of criminal case processing. West Texas stakeholders conducted the SIM exercise in 2022, and it was shown that law enforcement lacked options to divert arrested individuals from jail at the time of arrest. The CR/JD Center is a six-bed facility that operates 24/7 and has a certified peer support specialist, case manager, licensed vocational nurse, and crisis support coordinator available to conduct intake assessments to determine the necessary support and treatment for each person. Though only law enforcement can drop off people at the facility, individuals must consent to be dropped off at the Center. Individuals who consent to treatment can be transitioned to mental health or substance use disorder services instead of incarceration. Data collected through August 2024 show that 118 people have been served by the facility. People are receiving assistance not just with substance use-related treatment, but also for job placement, service providers for medication management, primary health care, and basic needs such as food and shelter. STRATEGIES TO EXPEDITE THE RELEASE OF PEOPLE ON PROBATION IN JAIL Alternatively, some jurisdictions focus their efforts to reduce probation-related jail use by working to limit the length of stay for people in jail for probation violations. Two of the Network sites, as part of efforts to reduce their overall jail population through their participation in SJC, implemented strategies to release people in jail for probation violations in an expedited manner. One jurisdiction focused on expediting release for everyone in jail for probation violations, while the other focused on those held in jail for probation detainers. Probation detainers, or holds, are orders requiring incarceration for people on probation that are often issued when someone is awaiting a probation violation court hearing. Their use varies significantly across the jurisdictions that use them and they can last months (Frankel, 2020). Detainers are a significant driver of jail populations in many jurisdictions given that, once one is imposed on a person, there is no possibility of release until the detainer is lifted. This means that if a person on probation is arrested for both a probation violation and a new crime, and the judge overseeing the new crime proceedings authorizes release, the person would still be held in jail until the detainer is also lifted (Roth et al., 2021). PROBATION DETAINER WORKING GROUP (ALLEGHENY COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA) Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, stakeholders established a multi-agency workgroup in 2019 to review cases of people held in jail on probation detainers. This built on other efforts by county stakeholders beginning in 2018 to limit jail use for probation detainers, which accounted for roughly 40% of the county’s jail population (Allegheny County, 2024). The workgroup had representation from many local stakeholders: the courts; adult probation; pretrial services; Office of the Public Defender; Department of Human Services; behavioral health/drug and alcohol wraparound services; and jail staff from the alternative housing, drug and alcohol diversion, medical, and social work departments. The principal function of the detainer workgroup is to review detainers that are eligible for release based on three criteria: (a) whether the individual is incarcerated solely to await a probation violation hearing; (b) whether the individual is incarcerated solely for technical violations of probation; and (c) whether the individual is incarcerated on non-violent misdemeanor charges incurred while on probation. Given the flexibility and diversity of the group, other situations of incarceration are considered on a case-by-case basis. The detainer workgroup also supported other local efforts for limiting jail use for people on probation. One of these areas of support was to improve procedural justice for detained individuals, including the reduction of pretrial time to disposition by combining two hearings. This effort resulted in shorter jail stays for people held on new charges (The Allegheny County Safety and Justice Challenge, 2022). Workgroup members are encouraged to raise any case they feel needs to be reviewed, such as those related to behavioral health issues, drug and alcohol use, pending non-violent charges, housing/residency needs, medical issues, and external holds. Additionally, based on information gathered by its members on people incarcerated on detainers, the workgroup can take actions such as facilitating referrals to various community-based service providers, have probation’s court representatives present release plans to the court in an expedited manner, and have the Public Defender file a motion for release. Between 2020 and 2024, Allegheny County reduced the number of people in jail on probation detainers by nearly 40% (from around 1,000 to 640) (Allegheny County, 2024). EXPEDITED RELEASE PROGRAM (ST. LOUIS COUNTY, MISSOURI) Through SJC, St. Louis County, Missouri, launched an expedited jail release program in late 2016 to decrease the average length of stay in jail for individuals with probation violations. This program includes strategies such as screening individuals in jail to help identify the nature of the violation, getting them reconnected with probation, and fast-tracking the violation hearing process (Huebner et al., 2023). The Division of Probation and Parole of the Missouri Department of Corrections (Division) partnered with the St. Louis County Justice Center to implement this program. In the planning phase of the program, probation officials analyzed data received through a jail management system, including information on admissions and releases, average daily population, and the nature of the probation violations to better understand the needs of this population. These analyses revealed substantial delays in case processing for people with probation violations. As a result, the Division embedded two probation officers in the jail to screen individuals to help identify the nature of their violations and get them reconnected with probation and community-based treatment providers (Safety and Justice Challenge, 2024). This was based on close coordination among probation officers, jail case managers, and community treatment staff to ensure a continuum of care. People released from jail as part of the program were placed back on probation and were required to complete all court-ordered programming and the original probation term. Probation officers also worked with judges, when possible, to negotiate release back to community supervision in an expedited manner in lieu of waiting in jail, often by presenting treatment plans to judges for approval (Huebner et al., 2023). The probation department also changed its approach to using arrest warrants and formal violation sanctions, instead increasing use of citation reports in lieu of formal revocation requests. Though citation forms are sent to judges, who have the right to act upon them, they serve largely as formal documentation of events, because citations, unlike formal violation requests, do not include a request for formal action from the court (Huebner et al., 2023). These changes contributed to a 60% decline in the probation-related jail population, which decreased from 200 in 2015 to 80 by 2022. Also, the average length of stay in jail for people in the expedited release program was less than half that for people in the comparison group (28 days compared to 65 days) (Huebner et al., 2023). CONCLUSION With jails contributing significantly to mass incarceration due to the higher number of people cycling through them annually, and probation being a major driver of jail use, there is a pressing need for limiting jail use for people on probation (Zeng, 2023). Jail stays, even short ones, can have significant negative impacts on the well-being and outcomes of people serving probation. Jail stays can adversely impact a person’s future outcomes within the criminal legal system by increasing a person’s likelihood of violating probation conditions and getting revoked (Olsen et al., 2022; Rengifo & Scott-Hayward, 2008). People in jail are also negatively impacted in terms of mental and physical health and ability to maintain employment and housing–factors that significantly impact a person’s ability to fulfill probation conditions and remain crime free (Hahn, 2022; Bales et al., 2017; Frankel, 2020; Brown et al., 2022; Couloute, 2018). At a systemic level, significant probation-related jail populations also entail substantial costs for local jurisdictions, so reducing these populations can reduce these costs (The Pew Charitable Trusts, 2021). The five sites highlighted in this piece implemented a host of strategies to address this issue, such as diverting people with probation violations away from jail by use of on-call probation officers, warrant resolution programs for people who may be absconding, and a crisis response facility to divert people with behavioral health challenges from jail. Other strategies include expediting the release of people with probation violations from jail either through setting up a dedicated, multi- stakeholder workgroup that reviews probation detainers or embedding probation officers in jail to improve coordination with jail authorities. The jail population reduction strategies showcased above reflect multiple, innovative, implementation approaches. Some sites built on previous initiatives, and others instituted new programs that required culture change. Some strategies targeted certain subsets of the probation population (those with behavioral health issues, for instance), while others covered the entire probation population. While some sites simply got buy-in from local stakeholders, others actively partnered with them to implement their jail population reduction efforts. One of the sites raised external funds to implement its strategy, while another used department funds. Multiple sites’ strategies entailed not only keeping people on probation out of jail or getting them released from jail quickly, but also connecting them to treatment and other services. All the sites’ strategies underscored the importance of having strong partnerships with local stakeholders, especially criminal legal system partners. Ultimately, these efforts underline both the widespread need to address this issue as well as the opportunities it presents for innovative probation leaders and their partners to work towards reducing probation-related jail use and improving public safety.REFERENCES Allegheny County. (2024). Allegheny County jail population management dashboard. Retrieved from: https://tableau.alleghenycounty.us/t/PublicSite/views/ AC_JailPopulationManagement_Final/ Allegheny County Jail Population Management Dashboards. (2024, March 25). Retrieved from Workbook: Jail Population Management Dashboard. https://tableau.alleghenycounty.us/t/PublicSite/views/ AC_JailPopulationManagement_Final/ The Allegheny County Safety and Justice Challenge. (2021). Year two report November 2019-October 2020. Retrieved on October 4, 2024, from https://www.alleghenycountyanalytics.us/ wp-content/uploads/2021/02/20-ACDHS-26_SJC- 1YrReport-02102021.pdf The Allegheny County Safety and Justice Challenge. (2022). Year three report January 2021-December 2021. Retrieved on October 4, 2024, from https:// www.alleghenycountyanalytics.us/wp-content/ uploads/2022/05/22-ACDHS-02_SJC-1YrReport_v4.pdf Bales, W. D., Nadel, M., Reed, C., & Blomberg, T. G. (2017). Recidivism and inmate mental illness. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 6, 40-51. Brown, M., Perez, J., Eldridge, M., & Walsh, K. (2022). Funding housing solutions to reduce jail incarceration. Urban Institute and Safety and Justice Challenge https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/2022-06/funding- housing-solutions-to-reduce-jail-incarceration_0.pdf Buehler, E. D., & Kluckow, R. (2024). Correctional populations in the United States, 2022 – Statistical tables. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. https://bjs.ojp. gov/document/cpus22st.pdf Couloute, L. (2018). Nowhere to go: Homelessness among formerly incarcerated people. Prison Policy Initiative. https://perma.cc/2JST-EEJC Dobbie, W., Goldin, J., & Yang, C. S. (2018, February). The effects of pretrial detention on conviction, future crime, and employment: Evidence from randomly assigned judges. American Economic Review, 108(2), 201-240. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20161503 Frankel, A. (2020). Revoked: How probation and parole feed mass incarceration in the United States. Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/07/31/ revoked/how-probation-and-parole-feed-mass- incarceration-united-states Hahn, J. W. (2022). How to lower the high level of jail suicides. Brennan Center for Justice. https://www. brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/how-lower- high-level-jail-suicides AUTHOR BIOS Ammar Khalid is a former Senior Policy Associate in the Urban Institute’s Justice & Safety Division. His work focuses mainly on community corrections, jails, and drug policy reforms, and has recently included impact evaluations based on quasi-experimental research methods and technical assistance work. Additionally, he managed a nine-site peer learning network working to limit probation-related jail use during two 18-month phases. He has also led a research study evaluating a transitional housing program for people serving probation and led analysis on a multi-state study evaluating the use of time- limited custodial sanctions in response to community supervision violations. He can be reached at ammar7587@gmail.com. Sam Hoppe is a Research Assistant in the Urban Institute’s Justice & Safety Division. Her work focuses on mixed-methods evaluations of jail reform strategies, including population reduction and mitigation of racial and ethnic disparities. She also assists on research related to jail reentry. Kevin Kuehmeier is a Senior Associate with Justice System Partners. He currently works assisting criminal and juvenile legal systems and community partners with transforming their systems. Mr. Kuehmeier provides technical assistance to several jurisdictions involved in the Safety and Justice Challenge through the MacArthur Foundation to safely reduce jail populations, eliminate ineffective and unfair practices, and reduce racial disparities, and he is also a partner in the Probation Practice to Reduce Jail Populations Network. He has 25 years of experience working for the U.S. Courts with Federal Probation and Pretrial Services.Huebner, B. M., Slocum, L. A., Giuffre, A., Kras, K., & Boxerman, B. (2023). Probation violations as a driver of jail incarceration in St. Louis County, Missouri. Safety and Justice Challenge. https://safetyandjusticechallenge. org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/St.Louis_Probation_ Final.pdf Kaeble, D. (2024). Probation and parole in the United States, 2022. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. https:// bjs.ojp.gov/document/ppus22.pdf Khalid, A., Shukla, R., Jackson, A., & Matei, A. (2023). At the intersection of probation and jail reduction efforts: Findings on probation, jail, and transitional housing trends in Pima County, Arizona. Urban Institute. https:// www.urban.org/research/publication/intersection- probation-and-jail-reduction-efforts McCoy, E., & Lima, N. (2024). Reducing probation violations in Pima County, Arizona: Lessons learned under the Safety and Justice Challenge. Urban Institute. https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/2024-03/ Reducing_Probation_Violations_in_Pima_County_ Arizona.pdf Menefee, M. R., Harding, D. J., Nguyen, A. P., Morenoff, J.D., & Bushway, S. D. (2022). The effect of split sentences on employment and future criminal justice involvement: Evidence from a natural experiment. Social Forces, 101(2), 829-863. Novisky, M., & Peralta, R. (2020). Gladiator school: Returning citizens’ experiences with secondary violence exposure in prison. Victims & Offenders, 15(5), 594-618. Olsen, R., Khalid, A., Oglesby-Neal, A., Upin, T., & Eakins, C. (2022). An assessment of community supervision incarceration responses in Nebraska and Utah. Urban Institute. https://www.urban.org/sites/ default/files/publication/105349/an-assessment-of- community-supervision-incarceration-responses-in- nebraska-and-utah.pdf Phelps, M. S. (2018). Ending mass probation: Sentencing, supervision, and revocation. The Future of Children, 28(1), 125-146. Retrieved on March 25, 2024, from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1179164.pdf Pima County Superior Court (2022). Adult probation introduces “Clear My Warrant” program. Arizona Superior Court in Pima County. https://www.sc.pima.gov/news/adult- probation-introduces-clear-my-warrant-program/ Rengifo, A., & Scott-Hayward, C. (2008). Assessing the effectiveness of intermediate sanctions in Multnomah County, Oregon. Vera Institute of Justice. https://www. vera.org/downloads/publications/Final_Multnomah_ Report.pdf Roth, A., Kajeepeta, S., & Boldin, A. (2021). The perils of probation: How supervision contributes to jail populations. Vera Institute of Justice. https://www.vera. org/downloads/publications/the-perils-of-probation.pdf Safety and Justice Challenge. (2023, March 25). Safety and Justice Challenge. Retrieved from https:// safetyandjusticechallenge.org/ Safety and Justice Challenge. (2024). St. Louis County, MO - Safety and Justice Challenge. Retrieved on April 4, 2024 from https://safetyandjusticechallenge.org/our- network/st-louis-county-mo/ Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2024, November 4). The Sequential Intercept Model. https://www.samhsa.gov/criminal- juvenile-justice/sim-overview The Pew Charitable Trusts. (2021). Local spending on jails tops $25 billion in latest nationwide data. https:// www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue- briefs/2021/01/local-spending-on-jails-tops-$25-billion-in- latest-nationwide-data#:~:text=Jail%20and%20other%20 local%20corrections,in%20jail%20was%20about%20 %2434%2C000 Zeng, Z. (2023). Jail inmates in 2022 – Statistical tables. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. https://bjs.ojp. gov/document/ji22st.pdf"Humane Dog Encounters: Enhancing Officer Safety and Community Trust" presented by Shalimar Oliver from the Humane Society Keynote Speaker The Art of Wellness Kevin Hines See first-hand how APPA works to help justice-involved individuals gain access to essential services and employment. Employers and service providers will be on site to help clients make the transition from unemployed to employed. 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